* Make IdsToBigints (mostly!) non-blocking

This pulls in GitLab's MigrationHelpers, which include code to make
column changes in ways that Postgres can do without locking. In general,
this involves creating a new column, adding an index and any foreign
keys as appropriate, adding a trigger to keep it populated alongside
the old column, and then progressively copying data over to the new
column, before removing the old column and replacing it with the new
one.

A few changes to GitLab's MigrationHelpers were necessary:

* Some changes were made to remove dependencies on other GitLab code.
* We explicitly wait for index creation before forging ahead on column
  replacements.
* We use different temporary column names, to avoid running into index
  name length limits.
* We rename the generated indices back to what they "should" be after
  replacing columns.
* We rename the generated foreign keys to use the new column names when
  we had to create them. (This allows the migration to be rolled back
  without incident.)

# Big Scary Warning

There are two things here that may trip up large instances:

1. The change for tables' "id" columns is not concurrent. In
   particular, the stream_entries table may be big, and does not
   concurrently migrate its id column. (On the other hand, x_id type
   columns are all concurrent.)
2. This migration will take a long time to run, *but it should not
   lock tables during that time* (with the exception of the "id"
   columns as described above). That means this should probably be run
   in `screen` or some other session that can be run for a long time.
   Notably, the migration will take *longer* than it would without
   these changes, but the website will still be responsive during that
   time.

These changes were tested on a relatively large statuses table (256k
entries), and the service remained responsive during the migration.
Migrations both forward and backward were tested.

* Rubocop fixes

* MigrationHelpers: Support ID columns in some cases

This doesn't work in cases where the ID column is referred to as a
foreign key by another table.

* MigrationHelpers: support foreign keys for ID cols

Note that this does not yet support foreign keys on non-primary-key
columns, but Mastodon also doesn't yet have any that we've needed to
migrate.

This means we can perform fully "concurrent" migrations to change ID
column types, and the IdsToBigints migration can happen with effectively
no downtime. (A few operations require a transaction, such as renaming
columns or deleting them, but these transactions should not block for
noticeable amounts of time.)

The algorithm for generating foreign key names has changed with this,
and therefore all of those changed in schema.rb.

* Provide status, allow for interruptions

The MigrationHelpers now allow restarting the rename of a column if it
was interrupted, by removing the old "new column" and re-starting the
process.

Along with this, they now provide status updates on the changes which
are happening, as well as indications about when the changes can be
safely interrupted (when there are at least 10 seconds estimated to be
left before copying data is complete).

The IdsToBigints migration now also sorts the columns it migrates by
size, starting with the largest tables. This should provide
administrators a worst-case scenario estimate for the length of
migrations: each successive change will get faster, giving admins a
chance to abort early on if they need to run the migration later. The
idea is that this does not force them to try to time interruptions
between smaller migrations.

* Fix column sorting in IdsToBigints

Not a significant change, but it impacts the order of columns in the
database and db/schema.rb.

* Actually pause before IdsToBigints

- 500.html generated with admin-set default locale if set
- Error page `<title>` includes Mastodon site title
- 500 title changed to "This page is not
  correct" (ref: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VCAP_seh1A>)
- 500 content appended with "on our end" to make clear it's
  not user's fault

A new rake task emojis:generate downloads a full list of valid
unicode sequences from unicode.org and checks it against existing
Twemoji files, finally generating a map from each sequence to the
existing file (e.g. when there's multiple ways an emoji can be
expressed). The map is dumped into app/javascript/mastodon/emoji_map.json

That file is loaded by emojione_light.js (now a misnomer) which
decorates it further with shortcodes taken from emoji-mart's index.

* Add emoji autosuggest

Some credit goes to glitch-soc/mastodon#149

* Remove server-side shortcode->unicode conversion

* Insert shortcode when suggestion is custom emoji

* Remove remnant of server-side emojis

* Update style of autosuggestions

* Fix wrong emoji filenames generated in autosuggest item

* Do not lazy load emoji picker, as that no longer works

* Fix custom emoji autosuggest

* Fix multiple "Custom" categories getting added to emoji index, only add once

* When accessing uncached media attachment, redownload it

* Prevent re-download of rejected media

* Revert "Enable UniqueRetryJobMiddleware even when called from sidekiq worker (#4836)"

This reverts commit 6859d4c0.

* Revert "Do not execute the job with the same arguments as the retry job (#4814)"

This reverts commit be7ffa2d.

They are marked as read-only by Rails, but we know what we are doing,
so we are un-marking them as such.

The mastodon:maintenance:update_counter_caches task is not really
supposed to be run anymore (it was a one-time thing during an upgrade)
however, just in case, I have modified it to not touch ActivityPub
accounts.

Also, no point writing to logger from these rake tasks, since they
are not to be run from cron. Better to give stdout feedback.

* Use casecmp() instead of casecmp?() for now

casecmp?() is only available in ruby 2.4.0.  Users running earlier ruby versions
would see errors, e.g., running
RAILS_ENV=production rails mastodon:maintenance:remove_deprecated_preview_cards.

* Correctly check whether casecmp() returns 0

The path template of the attached files must explicitly be defined because
it is contradicting to the name of the class.

* Make PreviewCard records reuseable between statuses

**Warning!** Migration truncates preview_cards tablec

* Allow a wider thumbnail for link preview, display it in horizontal layout (#4648)

* Delete preview cards files before truncating

* Rename old table instead of truncating it

* Add mastodon:maintenance:remove_deprecated_preview_cards

* Ignore deprecated_preview_cards in schema definition

* Fix null behaviour

* Add handling of Linked Data Signatures in payloads

* Add a way to sign JSON, fix canonicalization of signature options

* Fix signatureValue encoding, send out signed JSON when distributing

* Add missing security context

* Add Mastodon::Source.url

* Update spec

* Refactor

Move things frmo Mastodon::Source to Mastodon::Version

* ActivityPub migration procedure

Once one account is detected as going from OStatus to ActivityPub,
invalidate WebFinger cache for other accounts from the same domain

* Unsubscribe from PuSH updates once we receive an ActivityPub payload

* Re-subscribe to PuSH unless already unsubscribed, regardless of protocol

* Move clean up of unconfirmed users to sidekiq-scheduler

* mastodon:daily is now deprecated

* Use the same emoji data on the frontend and backend

* Move emoji.json to repository, add tests

This way you don't need to install node dependencies if you only
want to run Ruby code

* Check table existence on prepare_for_foreign_keys

* Remove trailing whitespace

* Add Rake task for generate VAPID key

* edit config/initializers/vapid.rb

Can be filtered by a specific domain
Resolves #2292

* Redesign the landing page, mount public timeline on it

* Adjust the standalone mounted component to the lacking of router

* Adjust auth layout pages to new design

* Fix tests

* Standalone public timeline polling every 5 seconds

* Remove now obsolete translations

* Add responsive design for new landing page

* Address reviews

* Add floating clouds behind frontpage form

* Use access token from public page when available

* Fix mentions and hashtags links, cursor on status content in standalone mode

* Add footer link to source code

* Fix errors on pages that don't embed the component, use classnames

* Fix tests

* Change anonymous autoPlayGif default to false

* When gif autoplay is disabled, hover to play

* Add option to hide the timeline preview

* Slightly improve alt layout

* Add elephant friend to new frontpage

* Display "back to mastodon" in place of "login" when logged in on frontpage

* Change polling time to 3s